["https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=410818"](https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=410818)
The technical abstract:
Here, we present a retrospective study on honey bee brood diseases in the USA.
The Bee Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (BDDL) in the USDA-ARS Beltsville Bee
Research Laboratory received a total of 4,790 brood samples between 2015 and
2022 from U.S. State Apiary Inspectors and beekeepers. Samples from 49 states
were analyzed by microscopy for the presence and prevalence of two bacteria,
Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, causing European (EFB) and
American (AFB) foulbrood diseases, respectively. Samples that tested positive
for AFB were cultured and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests via the
agar disc diffusion method to determine their resistance to tetracycline
(Terramycin®) and tylosin (Tylan®) antibiotics. A comprehensive data analysis
was conducted at multiple levels, including state, month, year, nationwide,
and climate region. Among the 49 states examined, EFB was identified in 44
states, while AFB was found in 31 states. Infection levels varies across
states, ranging from 0 % to 63.6% for EFB and from 0 % to 54.8 % for AFB. The
national average of EFB (19.2%) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than AFB
(8.6%). Contrary to AFB, significant yearly increases (p < 0.001) were
identified for EFB from 2015 to 2022. Furthermore, significant monthly
variations were recorded for both brood diseases, with the highest occurrence
of EFB observed from April to July. States with the lowest infection rates of
both diseases were NV, ND, MS, AK, and AZ. The South U.S. climate region,
which comprises six states, had the highest and lowest EFB and ABF infections,
respectively. On a nationwide scale, the AFB resistance to tetracycline (38%)
was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than the resistance to tylosin (27%).
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