A couple of Dr. Chittka's papers explore this concept. While neither is presented as definitive proof of sentience, 'Chittka and colleagues looked at one of the criteria commonly used for defining pain in animals: “motivational trade-offs.”' https://www.science.org/content/article/bees-may-feel-pain https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2008.1082 *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html