> Why did the Gotland experiment not result in fully resistant bees? As only 13 of 188 colonies survived, and genetic drift had caused an extreme loss of genetic diversity in the surviving population, it seems likely that insufficient genetic variation hampers the evolution to full resistance in this population. ... When the Avignon bees were tested outside their native environment in a Europe-wide experiment, neither their Varroa infestation rate after one year without treatment nor their survival outperformed that of colonies descending from non-selected genotypes tested at the same locations. — Alphen and Fernhout
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