Greetings All,
Some new papers:
Title: The Impact of Human Milk on Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
In: Nutrients 2020 May 6;12(5):E1322. doi: 10.3390/nu12051322.
Authors: Emma Altobelli, Paolo Matteo Angeletti, Alberto Verrotti, Reimondo Petrocelli.
Abstract: "Background: Premature infants receiving breastfeed have a lower incidence of NEC than those fed preterm formula. This study aimed: (1) to update a systematic review and meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in low weight premature infants; (2) to conduct meta-regression analyses by subgroups; (3) to describe geographical distribution of milk banks in the world. Methods: Papers included in the meta-analysis were updated as of June 2019. Relative risks were used as a measure of effect size. Random effect models were used to account for different sources of variation among studies. For milk banks, the data reviewed by the literature were integrated with the information collected from countries' institutional sites and milk bank networks. Results: Thirty-two papers were included in meta-analysis: six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 26 observational studies (OS). The census has found 572 milk banks around in the world. Brazil has the most active milk banks. RCTs meta-analysis indicates a risk reduction of NEC using human milk respect to formula: Relative risk (RR) = 0.62 (0.42-0.93). Seven OS compared quantities lower than human milk or higher than the 50th quantile showing a risk reduction of NEC:RR = 0.51 (0.31-0.85); 3 OS that evaluated human milk versus mixed feeding showing that human milk has a protective role on the development of NEC:RR = 0.74 (0.63-0.91). Results of subgroups analysis show that the risk reduction is statistically significant only for studies in which premature infants are given both their own and donated breastmilk. Conclusions: The possibility of preserving human milk and promoting donations guarantees an improvement in the health of newborns."
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1322
Title: Effect on splanchnic oxygenation of breast milk, fortified breast milk, and formula milk in preterm infants.
In: Pediatric Research 2020 May 7.
Authors: Carlo Dani, Caterina Coviello, Simona Montano, Giulia Remaschi, Chiara Petrolini, Chiara Strozzi, Elena Maggiora, Miriam Sabatini & Diego Gazzolo.
Abstract: "Enteral feeding induces mesenteric hemodynamic changes in preterm infants, which may vary according to the milk used. Our aim in this study was to evaluate changes of splanchnic regional oxygenation (rSO2S) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in infants fed with mother’s own milk (MOM), fortified human milk (FHM), or preterm formula (PTF). Methods: Infants born at 25–31 weeks of gestational age (n = 54) received a bolus of MOM, FHM, or PTF. rSO2S and splanchnic fractional oxygen extraction ratio (FOES) were recorded 60 min before (T0), and 30 min (T1) and 120 min (T2) after the beginning of bolus feeding. Results: In the MOM group, rSO2S and FOES did not change during the study period. In the FBM group, rSO2S decreased from T0 to T1 and increased from T1 to T2, while FOES changed in reverse. In the PTF group, rSO2S decreased from T0 to T1 and from T1 to T2, while FOES changed in reverse. Conclusions: Splanchnic oxygenation was not affected by MOM feeding, was transiently decreased by FBM feeding, and was persistently decreased by PTF. These results suggest that preterm infants who received PTF have higher splanchnic tissue oxygen extraction compared to those who received MOM or FBM. Impact: Human milk feeding is associated with a lower splanchnic energy expenditure than preterm formula feeding. Fortified human milk transiently increases splanchnic energy expenditure. Preterm formula should be used only in the absence of human milk."
Abstract only: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-0935-14
Title: The Protective Effects of 2'-Fucosyllactose Against E. Coli O157 Infection Are Mediated by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and the Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion.
In: Nutrients. 2020 May 1;12(5). pii: E1284. doi: 10.3390/nu12051284.
Authors: Yuanyifei Wang, Yan Zou, Jin Wang, Hui Ma, Bowei Zhang, Shuo Wang.
Abstract: "As the richest component in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) can reduce the colonization of harmful microbiota in vivo, thus lowering the risk of infection; however, the mechanism for this is still unclear. In this study, a model of Escherichia coli O157 infection in healthy adult mice was established to explore the effect of 2'-FL intervention on E. coli O157 colonization and its protective effects on mice. The results showed that 2'-FL intake reduced E. coli O157 colonization in mice intestine by more than 90% (p < 0.001), and it also reduced intestinal inflammation, increased the content of fecal short-chain fatty acids, and enhanced intestinal barrier function. These beneficial effects were attributed to the increased expression of mucins such as MUC2 (increased by more than 20%, p < 0.001), and inhibition of E. coli O157 cell adhesion (about 30% reduction, p < 0.001), and were associated with the modulation of gut microbiota composition. 2'-FL significantly increased the abundance of Akkermansia, a potential probiotic, which may represent the fundamental means by which 2'-FL enhances the expression of mucin and reduces the colonization of harmful bacteria. The current study may support the use of 2'-FL in the prevention of foodborne pathogen infections in humans."
Open access: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1284
With kind regards,
Debbie
Debra Swank, RN BSN IBCLC
Program Director
More Than Reflexes Education
Elkins, West Virginia USA
http://www.MoreThanReflexes.org
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