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Clin Nutr. 1993;57:140-145.
Dewey KG, Peerson JM, Brown KH, et al. Growth of breast-fed infants deviates 
from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European 
data sets. Pediatrics. 1995;96:495-503.
Kalies H, Heinrich J, Borte M, Schaaf B, von Berg A, von Kries R, Wichmann 
HE, Bolte G. The effect of breastfeeding on weight gain in infants: results of a 
birth cohort study.  Eur J Med Res 2005;10:36-42.
Burke V, Beilin LJ, Simmer K, Oddy WH, Blake KV, Doherty D, Kendall GE, 
Newnham JP, Landau LI, Stanley FJ. Breastfeeding and overweight: longitudinal 
analysis in an Australian birth cohort.  J Pediatr 2005;147:56-61.
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body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food 
introduction are associated with infant weight gain.  Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 
80:1579-88.
Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, Vanilovich I, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, 
Michaelsen KF, Dewey K; Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trials Study Group 
Feeding effects on growth during infancy. J Pediatr. 2004;145:600-5. 
7.    Dewey, K.G. Is breastfeeding protective against child obesity?  J Hum 
Lact 2003;19:9-18.
Grummer-Strawn LM, Mei Z. Does breastfeeding protect against pediatric 
overweight?  Analysis of longitudinal data from the Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System.  Pediatrics 
2004;113:e81-e86.
Armstrong J, Reilly JJ, Team CHI. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of 
childhood obesity. Lancet. 2002;359:2003-2004.
Bogen DL, Hanusa BH, Whitaker RC. The effect of breast-feeding with and 
without formula use on the risk of obesity at 4 years of age. Obes Res. 
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Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Ruan WJ. Association between infant 
breastfeeding and overweight in young children. JAMA. 2001;285:2453-2460.
O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Andersen MJ, Bor W, Najman JM. Prediction of 
obesity in children at 5 years: a cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health. 
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Bergmann KE, Bergmann RL, Von Kries R, Bohm O, Richter R, Dudenhausen JW, 
Wahn U. Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth 
cohort study: role of breast-feeding.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 
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von Kries R, Koltezko B, Sauerwald T, et al. Breast feeding and obesity: 
cross sectional study. BMJ. 1999;319:147-150.
Liese AD, Hirsch T, von Muitius E, Keil U, Leupold W, Weiland SK. Inverse 
association of overweight and breast feeding in 9 to 10 year old children in 
Germany. Int J Obes. 2001;25:1644-1650.
Li C, Kaur H, Choi WS, Huang TTK, Lee RE, Ahluwalia JS. Additive interactions 
of maternal prepregnancy BMI and breast-feeding on childhood overweight. 
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Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, Steer C, 
Sherriff A, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team. BMJ, 
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Toschke AM, Vignerova J, Lhotska L, Osancova K, Koletzko B, von Kries R. 
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effect of breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 2002;141:764-9.
Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA, Jr., et al. Risk of overweight among 
adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA. 2001;285:2461-2467.
Wadsworth M, Marshall S, Hardy R, Paul A. Breast feeding and obesity: 
relation may be accounted for by social factors. BMJ. 1999;319:1576.
Kvaavik E, Tell GS, Klepp KI. Surveys of Norwegian youth indicated that 
breast feeding reduced subsequent risk of obesity. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:849-855.
Kramer MS. Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect 
against subsequent obesity? J Pediatr. 1981;98:883-887.
Tulldahl J, Pettersson K, Andersson SW, Hulthen L. Mode of infant feeding and 
achieved growth in adolescence: early feeding patterns in relation to growth 
and body composition in adolescence. Obesity Res. 1999;7:431-437.
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Li L, Parsons TJ, Power C. Breast feeding and obesity in childhood: cross 
sectional study. BMJ 2003;327:904-905.
Victora CG, Barros FC, Lima RC, Horta BL, Wells J. Anthropometry and body 
composition of 18 year old men according to duration of breast feeding: birth 
cohort study from Brazil. BMJ 2003;327:901-905.
Nelson MC, Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS. Are adolescents who were breast-fed 
less likely to be overweight? Epidemiology 2005;16:247-253. 
Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Berkey CS, Frazier AL, Rockett HR, Camargo CA Jr,
Field AE, Colditz GA. Breast-feeding and overweight in adolescence.  
Epidemiology. 2006;17(1):112-4.
Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood 
obesity--a systematic review.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1247-56. 
Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Davey Smith G, Cook DG. Effect of infant 
feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of 
published evidence. Pediatrics 2005;115:1367-1377.
Harder T, Bergmann R, Kallischnigg G, Plagemann A. Duration of breastfeeding 
and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis.  Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:1-7.
Dewey KG. Growth characteristics of breast-fed compared to formula-fed 
infants. Biol Neonate. 1998;74:94-105.
Heinig, M.J., Nommsen, L.A., Peerson, J.M., Lönnerdal, B., and Dewey, K.G.  
Intake and growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants in relation to the 
timing of introduction of complementary foods:  the DARLING study.  Acta 
Paediatrica 1993;82:999-1006. 
Lewis DS, Bertrand HA, McMahan A, McGill HC, Carey KD, Masoro EJ. Preweaning 
food intake influences the adiposity of young adult baboons. J Clin Invest 
1986;78:899-905.
Ong KKL, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB, Team. TALSoPaCS. 
Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective 
cohort study. BMJ. 2000;320:967-971.
Stettler N, Zemel BS, Kumanyika S, Stallings VA. Infant Weight Gain and 
Childhood Overweight Status in a Multicenter, Cohort Study. Pediatrics. 
2002;109:194-199.
Cameron N, Pettifor J, De Wet T, Norris S. The relationship of rapid weight 
gain in infancy to obesity and skeletal maturity in childhood. Obesity Res 
2003;11:457-460.
Stettler N, Stallings VA, Troxel AB, Zhao J, Schinnar R, Nelson SE, Ziegler 
EE, Strom BL. Weight gain in the first week of life and overweight in 
adulthood: a cohort study of European American subjects fed infant formula. Circulation 
2005;111:1897-1903.
Lucas A, Boyes S, Bloom R, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic and endocrine responses 
to a milk feed in six-day old term infants: differences between breast and 
cow's milk formula feeding. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981;70:195-200.
Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early 
nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:993-999.
Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A, et al. Observations on the orexigenic 
hypothalmic neuropeptide Y-system in neonatally overfed weanling rats. J 
Neuroendocrinol. 1999;11:541-546.

Nancy E. Wight MD, IBCLC, FABM, FAAP
Neonatologist
Medical Director, Lactation Services
Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women
San Diego, CA USA
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