Dear Friends:
Ann Perry wonders, "Can anyone direct me to some references for the
minimal outputs for newborns? I have been telling parents and staff that the
MINIMAL output for a term newborn on day 1 is 1 urine and 1 stool. On the
second day 2 urine and 2 stools. And on the third 3 urine and 2-3 stools
which are changing to transition stools."
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I am not aware of any research study that has this as a conclusion; it
is based on years of clinical practice and expert opinions. This is easy for
mothers to remember.
Here is a list of most of the basic articles on infant stooling. Many of
the articles are around 50 years old. In a small study I did of 20
exclusively breastfed infants, all had stooled by day 2. A few studies talk about
meconium clearing by day 4-5.
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1) Boyer DB, Vidyasagar D " Serum Indirect Bilirubin Levels and Meconium
Passage in Early Fed Neonates” Nurs Res 1987; 36: 174-178
2) Clark D "Times of First Void and First Stool in 500 Newborns"
Pediatrics 1977; 60:457-459
3) Colon AR, Jacob LJ "Defecation Patterns in American Infants and
Children" Clin Pediat 1977; 16: 999-1000
4) DeCarvalho M, Robertson S, Friedman A, and Klaus M “ Effect of
Frequenty Breast-feeding on Early Milk Production and Infant Weight Gain”
Pediatrics 1983; 72(3): 307311
5) Kirkland J "Infant Stools and Related Matters" N Z Med J 1992; 105:
58-59
6) Kramer I, Sherry SN "The Time of Passage of the First Stool and Urine
by the Premature Infant" J Pediatr 1957; 373-376
7) Lemoh JN, Brooke OG "Frequency and Weight of Normal Stools in
Infancy Arch Dis Child 1979; 54:719-720
8) Nyhan WL "Stool Frequency of Normal Infants In the First Week of
Life" Pediatr 1952; 10:414-425
9) Olmsted RW, Jackson EB "Self-Demand Feeding In The First Week Of Life
” 1950 pp.396-401
10) Osatakul S, Yossuk P, Mo-suwan L "Bowel Habits of Normal Thai Children"
JPGN 1994; 20: 339- 342
11) Sherry SN, Kramer I "The Time of Passage of the First Stool and Urine
by the Newborn Infant" J Pediatr 1955; 46: 155-159
12) Simsarian FP, McLendon PA "Feeding Behavior of an Infant During The
First Twelve Weeks of Life On A Self-Demand Schedule” J Pediatrics 1942;
20:93-103
13) Simsarian FP, McLendon PA "Further Records of Self-Demand Schedule in
Infant Feeding" J Pediatr 1945; 27:109-114
14) Trainham G, Pilafian GJ, and Kraft RM "A Case History of Twins Breast
Fed On A Self-Demand Regime" J Pediatrics 1945; 27: 97-108
15) Varimo P, Simila S, Wendt L "Frequency of Breast-feeding and
Hyperbilirubinemia" Clin Peds 1986; 25: 112
16) Walker M "Breastfeeding the Sleepy Baby" J Hum Lact 1997; 13: 151-153
17) Weaver LT, Lucas A "Development of Bowel Habit in Preterm Infants" Arch
Dis Child 1993; 68: 317- 320
18) Weaver LT, Steiner H "The bowel habit of young children” Arch Dis Child
1984; 59: 649-652
19) Weisman MAJ, Merenstein GB, Digirol M et al. "The Effect of Early
Meconium Evacuation on Early- Onset Hyperbilirubinemia" Am J Dis Child 1983;
137: 666-668
20) Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I "Breast-feeding frequency During the First 24
Hours After Birth in Full- Term Neonates" Pediatr 1990; 86: 171-175
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warmly,
Nikki Lee RN, MS, Mother of 2, IBCLC, CCE
Maternal-Child Adjunct Faculty Union Institute and University
Film Reviews Editor, Journal of Human Lactation
www.breastfeedingalwaysbest.com
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