Of course the simplest answer in America where the European honeybee, Apis mellifera, is not a native species, is to change over to another non-native species, Apis cerana, which has learned to live with Varroa. Chris *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm