Hi Abbas, I wonder if _The_Hive_and_the_Honey_Bee_ writes it differently in a newer edition. I do not have my copy at hand so I cannot check. However,working from memory here (always a dangerous practice), it was at EAS in Murray State University, Murray, KY in 2008 where I attended a lecture by Dr. James Tew. Dr. Tew asserted that propolis was the resinous material gathered from plants (so far in agreement with the passage you quoted). However, Jim stated that the resinous material is "processed" in the hive by the bees to create propolis. In other words, the resinous material gathered from plants is to propolis as nectar is to honey. I do not recall if Dr. Tew went into what is the processing that turns the resins into propolis (I think he did not as time was tight). I have never heard the assertion of pollen being processed into propolis, but I have yet to hear it all! Aaron Morris - wondering where's my _Hive_and_the_Honey_Bee_? *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm