>The prevalence of N. ceranae was reported by Oct 2006: I believe I was told that Tony J. had samples from bees in blueberries 9-10 years before which were able to be tested and confirmed nosema ceranae. Nosema apis and nosema ceranae spores are hard to tell apart under the scope (personal experience). My opinion is nosema ceranae has been in North America for sure a decade and perhaps a couple decades. Once the USDA started looking they found nosema ceranae spores in all the major areas commercial beekeepers are in. bob *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm