Bob I've said it many times, Nosema by itself may not be so bad. We've several sets of samples where the Nosema levels were off the charts, but the bees looked good. All I can go on is data - and as you know, our data says at least one virus plus Nosema seems to deliver a one-two punch. I suspect Nosema may be something like varroa mites - its the combination that's deadly. As per treating with fumagillin - that's why Malcom Sanford and I are looking for OLD bottles of the stuff. In a conversation with Dr. Robb Cramer, MT State Univ, last summer, Robb mentioned that producing the antibiotic was a bit challenging, and he wondered whether the product, as produced today, is the same as in the past. He's also warned from the very beginning - fumagillin is a mixed bag. It is used for treatment of some human problems, such as eye infections, but its always the medicine of last choice, due to its known cellular toxicity and genotoxicity. He's an expert in the fungus that produces fumagillin. There are contaminants that can develop during the manufacture that add to the toxicity. His training is as a fungal pathologist, studying mammalian and human systems. I diverted some of his attention to Nosema. He's been trying to find alternatives to fumagillin for the stated reasons. He's offered to analyze fumagillin to see if the product has changed over the years. I'd appreciate help from the list - if you've old bottles of fumagillin, with some idea of source and at least an approximate data, would you donate/forward them to us? Bee Alert, 1620 Rodgers St, Suite 1, Missoula, MT 59802. Thanks Jerry *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm