>So what has caused the reduced life span of workers? > In the US, introduction of varroa and N ceranae, with the associated viruses comes to mind! Tons of evidence to support. Randy Oliver *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Access BEE-L directly at: http://community.lsoft.com/scripts/wa-LSOFTDONATIONS.exe?A0=BEE-L