> ....here is some evidence to support the theory that terramycin in the > hive will negatively affect some of the bacillus that inhibits > chalkbrood...leading to an increased infection. not proof, but pretty > strong evidence....any thoughts? [URL] "2. Excessive treatment with > antibiotics increases susceptibility of bee larvae to A. apis and > therefore must be reduced." Yes. This is pretty interesting and looks, from my quick scan, to be good work. I also note the word, "excessive" is used, not "any" to modify "treatment". From my cursory examination the conclusions appear to be based on direct applications of bacteria to larvae, and even oral application. I was not clear on how that was accomplished I had limited time for in-depth analysis. I am also not sure that this proves that not using antibiotics will actually reduce chalkbrood in an actual working hive. At any rate, I don't think any of us dispute that there are beneficial and harmful activities by microflora and microfauna going on in any given hive, or that suppressing one or giving another an advantage may upset whatever balance exists, in the short run, at least. All this is interesting and worth knowing, but I wonder how significant the disruption due to medications -- if applied necessarily and judiciously -- actually is in the real world. I recall Andy said that beekeepers he knew applied oxytet regularly because the bees just thrived better, and it was obvious. I realize that perfectionists and extremists may argue that no disruption in any hive is justified, but most of us keep bees for the economic benefit and there is reduced or no benefit from maintaining bees which break down with foulbrood, and that is sometimes the alternative to treatment. I think, also, that most thinking people question whether a.) the natural state of any particular hive is intrinsically optimal b.) it is not possible to improve that state by manipulations, treatments and other means c.) where pathology is obvious or likely, that measures should not be made to remedy or forestall the problem d.) the economic health of the beekeeper trumps other considerations I think it is all a matter of perspective, and commercial migratory beekeepers are going to think and act very differently than stationary and hobbyist beekeepers or those who keep bees for philosophical reasons and make decisions based on theory or hypotheses. All in all, it seems that this is a question of theory and idealism vs. necessity and practice. What is obvious in a lab or research setting may have little or no importance on a commercial setting, or be trumped by larger considerations. Besides, we can deal with chalkbrood very easily. Just get better bees. In summary, my position is that all the above does not negate the importance and interest of the studies cited, but we do have to balance many conflicting forces, and this consideration is just one. And the word is "excessive", after all. allen http://www.honeybeeworld.com/diary/menus/topics.htm --- Remember that fear always lurks behind perfectionism. Confronting your fears and allowing yourself the right to be human can, paradoxically, make you a far happier and more productive person. -- Dr. David M. Burns **************************************************** * General Information About BEE-L is available at: * * http://www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/default.htm * ****************************************************