Adony said: Randy, I think you are completely in tune with the scientific zeitgeist with your thinking. Thanks, Adony. We beekeepers seem to have an innate ability to keep shooting ourselves in the foot, as well as putting said foot into our mouths. Somewhat related--in researching for an upcoming article on chemical control, I'm finding that there are virtually no studies on the sublethal effects of miticides on WORKER bees or brood. Especially lacking are studies on fluvalinate--which appears to be the most widely used and abused varroacide on the planet. Again, if anyone's got any citations for sublethal effects of fluvalinate on worker (as opposed to queen or drone) bees or brood, or on colony buildup or honey production (other than Westcott and Winston 1999), please pass them on. Thanks, Randy Oliver -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l for rules, FAQ and other info ---