The need for them seems to depend on the time of year and the strength of flow. In the spring/early summer flows, our queens migrate up into the honey supers if excluders are not fitted (single 40 litre broodbox system). There seems to be a tremendous pressure upwards in the late spring. However in the autumn (fall) heather flows there seems no need for excluders, the queens stay below quite happily. Alan Riach, Edinburgh :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/BEE-L for rules, FAQ and other info --- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::