Stan Sandler mentioned that packages of bee with young vigorous queens were subject to EFB and colony loss in PEI. Then states that "Re-queening, like antibiotics, is most effective before the disease gets going." A little clarification would help me on those points as they appear to clash - at least in the manner put in the mail. By what action Is the changing of the Queen thought to alleviate EFB in the colony? 1.Only the presence of a new queen sorting out the problem? 2. A new Queen invigorating a colony with more brood and subsequent bees, which can then overcome the rate of infection? 3. A new Queen delivering a new packet of genes - more resistant to M. pluton? Also, what are the thoughts on coexistence of EFB and Chalkbrood? - is the latter not thought to inhibit the presence of the former as suggested on page 22 of USDA Diagnosis of Honey Bee Diseases (Hand book 690) - revised July 2000. Comments to educate please! As ever Peter Indre West Central France