Hello All, Because half this post was about foraging I thought I might add the opinion of a few researchers about bee learning ability & foraging. Almost all types of classical learning (adaptation,habituation,conditioned reflexes) are found in honey bees. Notably absent is the ability to learn by the intuitive,cognitive ,or creative thought process used by humans. In other words ,bees *apparently* have no imagination or foresight. Learning occurs only within the context of innate behavioral patterns. A bee cannot learn to do something completely new, something no other bee has ever done before, such as constructing honeycomb twice as large as normal(Bermant & Gary 1996). Observations on field bees at work *suggest* that a forager cannot sense the presence of nectar in a given blossom without inserting her proboscis. When flowers are open in structure,and the nectar exposed ,there is a possibility that bees can detect nectar by reflected ultraviolet light(Thorp 1975). Many theories abound in beekeeping. Its almost impossible to prove many foraging theories. Hence the words *apparently* and *suggest* are allways used. Hence the difference of opinion among researchers with other researchers and beekeepers with other beekeepers. Maybe at times between researchers and beekeepers! Sincerely, Bob Harrison Odessa,Missouri