>Is Nosema ceranae spread by dysentery (in which case the use of acetic
> acid
> or similar on equipment before re-use is probably essential) or by
> trophyllaxis  which would make the use of acetic acid irrelevant (except as
> part of
> normal  good practice against N apis etc).  Or by both?


Apparently not by dysentery.  Is spread by infected pollen.  But
transmission is poorly understood.

>Considering that some on the list keep bees in areas where the temperatures
get well above 100 degrees F, I wonder if at certain times of year hives are
sterilized of viable nosema spores

Apparently, yes.  It is a time/temperature curve.  120F does in it a few
hours.  This is well below comb melting temp.  I've been imploring an
associate to work out the curve.

Randy Oliver

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