>>Although Carniolans have a much smaller population for wintering than any
> other race, I have seen November clusters of Carniolans no bigger than a 3
> pound swarm get through the winter in god shape.

How much smaller (how many frames) is a typical Carniolan cluster compared
to an Italian one at this time of year in your area, George?  I have read in
books about Carniolans wintering on smaller clusters but no one seems to
quantify it.

Thanks,

Waldemar
Long Island, NY

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