Mark, may I make some comments from Seattle?

I don't use winter wrap but I do tape the joints between boxes to guard against wind chilling.

I think the hazard is moisture not cold so I leave the entrance completely open (though with mouse guards).  My queens always reduce their egg laying in the late fall and have again this year.  I always worry about late fall increase in varroa - I never measure the drop - so I apply apistan very late, 42 days before my last inspection in the first week of November.  Dan








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