Over the past year or so, there has been a series of puzzling but overt attempts to phoo-phoo Nosema as having negligible impact on gestalt colony health and welfare. Here is yet another paper showing that Nosema has tangible and significant negative impact on colonies. http://nature.com/articles/srep22042 Full text, so no reason not to read it. In the early 2000s, I sang the praises of Fumagillin to beekeepers as a way to increase both spring build up, and hence, numbers of splits that could be made, and honey crop tonnage. Nosema apis was mostly untreated then, and beekeepers misdiagnosed it, blaming queens, weather, anything but their own poor husbandry. Fumagillin was seen as "expensive", and my point was that it had a very clear and quick payback that was easy to see when comparing groups as small as a dozen colonies each for "test" and "control". We still lack a treatment or control for Nosema ceranae with the same "punch" Fumgallin delivered to Nosema apis, but we certainly won't get anyone funded to work on anything unless there is a recognition of the debilitating effects of Nosema ceranae. *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html