3. Via Vg protein priming in the egg (the recent study that Bill referred to, perhaps limited to bacteria). Thus, not helpful in thinking about how to make viruses less virulent. This may be a foolish question, but is any resistance to a virus actually genetic?? My understanding of "immunity" is its passed on thru things such as mothers milk, and fecal mater... IE developed over time. There are many cases now of simple things like gut microbe transfers in humans to cure IBS and other things. Is it possible that the simple act of communal living and food sharing is where the immunity comes from and not Genetics? Could it be also a portion why TF queens don't transfer? Since they go alone, maybe its not enough If the hives mechanism that's transfers?? Charles *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html