In addition to PB reply: Generally we used to use microscopic examination to id nosema. This method is not accurate to distinguish between the two species. Thanks to DNA genomic technology that provided the means to separate the two species. This is not uncommon. In taxonomic of complex species in insects where morphometric description of species and biological information were used, genomic studies showed the difference and more species were id and named. By the same means V. jacobsoni was classified and named for years, till Anderson found it is a different species V, destructor. Medhat Dr. Medhat Nasr Alberta Provincial Apiculturist Pest Surveillance Branch Crop Research and Extension Agriculture and Rural Development 17507 Fort Road NW Edmonton, AB T5Y 6H3 Canada Tel: 780-415-2314 Fax: 780-422- 6096 E-mail: [log in to unmask] This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they are addressed. If you have received this email in error please notify the system manager. This message contains confidential information and is intended only for the individual named. If you are not the named addressee you should not disseminate, distribute or copy this e-mail. *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html