As an interesting aside, every study such as this has methodology and time/location limitations. I find it interesting that our work found exactly the opposite with respect to DWV. One issue that has not been mentioned, it is possible that different strains appear at different times and different locations. Much like human influenza. Some years, it is not so bad, others it is much more virulent. We suspect this to be true of Nosema ceranae as well as viruses. Jerry *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm