how 'bout the dutch? i vaguely remember someone there seemed to be running a pipestem group of some sort... & excuse my ignorance, but how did binford get this? from dated excavated material, or somewhere from records in the pipeworks themselves? i can't imagine a trade journal for the period in question, but has anyone seriously looked at the records of pipemaking workshops to see if binford's formula correlates with records on advances in production techniques? and are these things bored out (drilled after manufacture, which i assume not to be the case, given that i would expect that this would result in a lot of breakage) or is the hole made before the pipe is fired, in which case, are you estimating from the size of the bore before or after shrinkage? ----- Original Message ----- > > Y = 1931.85 - 38.26X