Adony, Hoping that you may be able to respond to the following: Which is the case; Did N. ceranae pass to Apis mellifera from Apis cerana or, from Apis cerana to Apis mellifera? Realising that the nomination of N. ceranae was determined on its discovery in A. cerana in 1996. Regards, Peter -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l for rules, FAQ and other info ---