FWIW, Shortly after I had penned, “Transfer of Antibiodic Effectiveness from China to Americas and Europe”, http://listserv.albany.edu:8080/cgi- bin/wa?A2=ind0212C&L=bee-l&P=R184 , a very experienced and knowledgeable beekeeper contacted me offline and advised me that chloramphenicol is used in China for quite another purpose and not as a treatment for either American Foulbrood or European Foulbrood. It appears that since honey bees frequently visit certain sources of waste water to take up moisture that are more frequently found in certain parts of China and other less developed regions of the World than here in the United States and Canada, chloramphenicol is necessary to use as a "weapon" for the survival of honey bee larvae. Since then I have learned from two different sources additional sources that the above statement has a fairly accurate chance of being true. Perhaps by posting, this may bring out into the open the unvarnished truth about an extremely small percentage of the whole that are practicing such methods of treatment in certain parts of the world, and I am told that it isn’t just China. I certainly would like to know quotable facts from more than just the horses mouth. Regards, Chuck Norton Reidsville, NC :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/BEE-L for rules, FAQ and other info --- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::