* Britten: Lachrymae
* Hindemith: Sonate, op. 11/4
*Shostakovich: Sonata for Viola and Piano

Paul Silverthorne (viola), John Constable (piano)
Koch 3-7270-2 Total time: 66:46

Summary for the Busy Executive: Wonderful.

The sound of the viola has always attracted me more than that of the
violin, which tends to squeak, rather than speak, to me. Honestly, I've
never seen the justness of viola jokes, although I've certainly understood
them.  However, really great players seem few and far between, and the
instrument demands from composers ideas of real quality, since they can't
resort to the cheap thrill of playing in the violin's stratosphere. The
viola sounds best in the middle, absolutely duck soup to a composer fond
of middle sonorities, like Brahms or Shostakovich. The instrument's
"personality" puts me in mind of a writer like William Stafford, slipping
in beautiful music among apparent plain speech and common sense. There's
very little nonsense or flash among the best literature for the instrument.

I've never heard a better violist than Paul Silverthorne, and that includes
any well-known great player you care to mention. I first encountered him as
the soloist in Rozsa's viola concerto (Koch 3-7304-2H1), where he blew me
away with his dark, brooding tone in a dark, brooding work. I then heard
him in the Brahms sonatas (Meridian CDE 84190) - again, highly Romantic
works suited to his rich sound. Most of the works here call for something
wirier, drier. I wanted to know the accommodation, if any, Silverthorne
would make or whether he would force these pieces into what I regarded as
his style. I shouldn't have worried. Silverthorne adapts to the character
of the music.  Above all, he is a superb chamber-music partner. All these
performances sound like the conversation of equals. Neither Silverthorne
nor his extremely subtle accompanist, John Constable, dominate, and in
these works, that's as it should be.

Like his teacher Frank Bridge, Britten was a violist, although he never
played it in public. Indeed, the Lachrymae is his only work featuring viola
as principal soloist (the early Double Concerto for violin and viola has,
of course, two soloists). Toward the end of his life, he arranged the
Lachrymae for soloist and string orchestra as a favor to Cecil Aronowitz.
The title comes from Dowland, one of Britten's two main Elizabethan
inspirations (Wilbye was the other). In this, Britten continues the threads
inaugurated by the composers of the New English Renaissance, particularly
Holst and Vaughan Williams. Britten hadn't much use for Vaughan Williams's
music, although he recognized him as an important English figure, just as
Vaughan Williams had little sympathy for Britten's, although he regarded
Peter Grimes as a major achievement. Furthermore, the differences between
the two's Elizabethan interests strike me as significant. Vaughan Williams
was more attracted to the sacred music - composers like Tallis, Byrd, and
Weelkes - which he considered founded on folk music. Britten, although he
used and arranged folk tunes, never bought into the intellectual background
of the British folk-song revival and found Tudor secular music a far more
fruitful and cosmopolitan inspiration, particularly the ayre and lute-song.
Britten built the Lachrymae as variations on a Dowland song. Dowland, of
course, had written seven lute fantasias based on his song "Break now, my
heart, and die" under the title Lacrimae, or Seven Teares. Britten uses
another Dowland song, "If my complaints could passions move," as the basis
of his variations. Furthermore, one never hears the theme in its entirety.
The work begins in thematic "clouds," which gradually coalesce into the
first variation. One hears the fullest statement of the Dowland song, with
its original harmonies, at the end. From here to there, one goes through
some witty and even moving variations, including a march, a scherzo, and
a wistful little waltz. The texture, however, is fairly spare, and
Silverthorne and Constable stress its clarity and the rhythmic
articulation.

Hindemith almost single-handedly revived the viola as a solo instrument
(violist Lionel Tertis in England also helped), both as a virtuoso
performer and as a composer. He wrote at least three concertos for the
instrument, four sonatas for viola alone, and three sonatas, among many
other pieces.  This sonata dates from 1919, while the composer was still
really a late-Romantic composer. To those familiar with Hindemith's mature
style, the opening movement will probably come as a shock - a beautifully
lyric Brahmsian allegretto with an harmonic fluidity reminiscent of Reger.
Stemming from Reger as well are Hindemith's ideas at this time on
counterpoint and on the emphasis on variation form. The last two movements
are theme and variation form, with a fugue crowning the variations of the
second movement. One also hears thematic links among all three movements.
The sonata doesn't move like Hindemith's mature work, where counterpoint
essentially intensifies the rhythm. It's more like Reger - commenting on
melodic ideas. Nevertheless, one can't really call the sonata "lush."
Hindemith keeps a tight rein on the number of voices heard at once and on
the "spacing" of the voices. Still, Silverthorne sings more warmly here
than in the Britten, as he should.

The Shostakovich sonata stands as the composer's last major work. The
symphonies, of course, have many wonderful passages for the viola (I think
particularly of the last movement of the thirteenth, "Babi Yar"). The
sonata typifies Shostakovich's bleak late music. I know these works put
some people off, with their small gestures frequently repeated, but for
me it's the apex of the composer's catalogue. At over half an hour, the
sonata is by far the most substantial work on the CD, for my money the
finest thing ever written especially for the viola (Brahms originally
composed his sonatas for clarinet). The music is pared to the bone, both
in terms of texture and the number of ideas. Most of the themes are based
on the interval of the falling or rising fourth. The opening, barely a
whisper on the viola's open strings, gradually becomes a savage marche
macabre, requiring an almost imperceptible build from both violist and
pianist.  Silverthorne is especially effective here, eliciting from his
viola both a taut, inward thread of sound and a cry of rage. Furthermore,
you find yourself in the middle of that cry, with little idea of how you
were moved there. The second movement works the usual Shostakovich
klezmerian allegretto, such as we find in many of the string quartets. The
finale, a huge adagio dedicated "in memory of the great Beethoven," uses
the late Shostakovich device of Famous Quotation ("William Tell" overture
in the fifteenth symphony, for example), here the first movement of
Beethoven's "Moonlight" sonata. The quotes stand as enigmas, particularly
since Shostakovich's emotional context for the quote lies worlds away from
Beethoven's. They provoke metaphysical questions that can't really be
answered, although they do shed musical light on Shostakovich's body of
work. Once it hits you, you stand amazed at how often you encounter these
ideas, only slightly disguised, in pieces throughout Shostakovich's career.
I haven't yet worked out this particular quotation, but the rhythm of the
"William Tell-Lone Ranger" theme, for example, pops up in quite a few
symphonies and concerti, very often in close proximity to the famous "DSCH"
musical signature. Metaphysically or psychologically I have little idea
what the association means, but they sure do fit together musically.
Furthermore, the adagio presents the violist and pianist with a tour de
force: fourteen minutes of slow playing at a dynamic range restricted
mostly to soft. Both Silverthorne and Constable seldom reach even a
mezzo-forte, and yet the viola's singing line has deep contour and shade,
with again a great variety of tone color from both players.

As far as their respective musical emotional worlds go, I can think of few
composers further away from Beethoven than Shostakovich: one essentially
heroic in expression, the other essentially neurotic. Beethoven may have
experienced personal pain, but it almost never comes out in his music. Even
the funeral march of the "Eroica" sings a dignified, noble, indeed public
grief, rather than a messy personal one. On the other hand, as far as
their composing goes, they're fairly close. Both are masters of economy
and directness: with both, one idea can change the world, usually rather
dramatically. Incidentally, Beethoven admired this same quality in Handel,
whom he thought of as his master in this regard. Nevertheless, Beethoven
stands much closer to Handel than to Shostakovich. Shostakovich's quote
presents Beethoven in a fun-house mirror. Where Beethoven is serene,
Shostakovich is fairly bleak, and in many ways it comes down to his change
of Beethoven's underlying triplets to straight eighths. Some writers have
seen hope in the last measures, but I disagree. There is indeed a slight
leavening of the gloom, but it's too little, too late. It reminds me very
much of the wan smile at the end of one of Sholem Aleichem's Tevye stories:
"But it's time to talk of cheerier things. Have you heard about the cholera
in Odessa?"

Both Silverthorne and Constable set a very high standard in all these
works.  As I've said before, Silverthorne makes the viola exciting to
listen to - a rare ability. They're the best I've heard in both the Britten
and the Hindemith, but then again I've not heard all that many different
performances (Bashmet, Kashkashian, Golani for the Britten and the
Hindemith). I prefer them to Hillyer and de Leeuw (also on Koch) and think
them the equal of Bashmet and Richter (on MK) in the Shostakovich.

The sound is fine.

Steve Schwartz