>
> >Nosema apis (Zander) is generally considered
> to be mostly harmless for Apis mellifera.


I find this statement to be of interest.  This view is held by Dr. Ingemar
Fries, who feels that N apis is mainly a problem in areas where bees are
kept near the limits of their temperature range (cold winters).

However, much of the U.S. falls into that category.  There is abundant
research from the U.S. documenting the negative effects of N apis upon
winter survival, package buildup, and honey production.  So I have a hard
time with the term "harmless."

My article in press in ABJ will elaborate.
-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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