Randy writes:
> nosema is more of a problem for bees at the cold edge of the range--the longer the winter, the greater the problem.

Geoff Williams:

> I surveyed colonies in Maritime Canada for N. ceranae and the historic honey bee microsporidian Nosema apis. Although both species were present at a regional scale, intensive sampling in Nova Scotia revealed that N. ceranae was highly prevalent compared to the historic congener. 

> Chemotherapy using the fungicide fumagillin reduced N. ceranae spore intensity but had no effect on colony survival. Field studies that I and Guzmán-Novoa et al. (2010) performed in Canada suggested that N. ceranae did not significantly influence colony health.

NOSEMA CERANAE IN WESTERN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA): BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT by Geoffrey R. Williams in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dated: March 27, 2013

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