Sort of off topic, but I think pertinent to the many subjects we have
been covering during past month.

http://www.communicationstudies.com/rhetological-fallacies-errors-and-manipulations-of-rhetoric-and-logical-thinking

In the course of any argument or discussion, good communicators need
to know how to avoid logical fallacies. Logical fallacies weaken an
argument by treating a false assumption as fact, but because many
speakers and writers don’t take the time to consider the basis of
their arguments, logical fallacies are fairly common in politics,
business and even in interpersonal communication. This infographic
about rhetorical techniques and logical fallacies (aka rhetological
fallacies) by Information is Beautiful can help you understand these
concepts better.

http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/rhetological-fallacies/

To understand logical fallacies, you should consider the six main
categories of fallacy types: attacks, content manipulation, faulty
deduction, inaccurate cause and effect, emotional appeals and mental
appeals. While there are dozens of different fallacies, most of them
fall into these six groups.

Attacks include ad hominems, in which the speaker attacks the other
speaker rather than the counterargument. Unfortunately, this type of
argument can be effective, but pointing out the attack will undermine
its effectiveness.

Content manipulation is exactly what it sounds like: changing facts in
order to suit the goals of an argument. The classic example is a
confirmation bias.

The speaker ignores facts that do not support or that directly oppose
his argument.

Faulty deduction mimics a logical argument, but makes an ultimately
illogical conclusion. The speaker might assume that a small sample
size represents a whole group or that a general rule applies to all
individual circumstances. Some faulty deductions are hard to spot, but
they undermine an argument just the same.

Inaccurate or garbled cause and effect is somewhat similar to faulty
deduction, but these arguments try to draw a clear link between an
observation and an assumption when such a link isn’t necessarily
there. An example is denying the antecedent. The speaker might say
that “new refrigerators are cold, so the only way to get a cold
refrigerator is to buy new.” This falsely assumes that there is one
logical explanation for why a refrigerator would be cold–that is, it
is a new refrigerator. All inaccurate cause and effect fallacies make
a similar logical leap from a fact to a conclusion.

Mental appeals include the appeal to authority, which politicians
frequently use. Saying something like, “that man must be guilty,
because the police arrested him,” would be an example of an appeal to
authority. The speaker is not addressing the core argument of the
man’s guilt. Instead, he’s implying that the authority has expert
knowledge of the circumstances and therefore must be correct. Other
mental appeals make similar jumps in logic.

An appeal to probability, for instance, assumes the inevitability of
an event or circumstance without any reasoning. In an appeal to
tradition, the speaker opposes change simply because it is a departure
from established practices. Appeals to the mind appear to make sense
at first, but they’re easily eliminated through logical
counterargument.

Appeals to emotion are almost identical, but they focus on fear, love,
hate and other strong emotions. An appeal to spite is a classic
example. The speaker might say, “republicans hate the environment, so
trusting a republican’s energy plan is ludicrous.” Usually, appeals to
emotion are less overt, but they ignore the logical parts of an
argument in favor of controlling the listener’s emotions.
All of these types of fallacies can quickly weaken a strong argument.
In order to communicate clearly, you should remember to avoid these
fallacies and know how to spot them in opposing points of view.

-- 
NOTA:Si va a re-enviar este correo por favor borre la historia de
direcciones, que incluye mi direccíon electrónica. Al borrar las
direcciones electronicas se preveniene que los correos sean usados
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Gracias


Juanse Barros J.
APIZUR S.A.
Carrera 695
Gorbea - CHILE
+56-45-271693
08-3613310
http://apiaraucania.blogspot.com/
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