In the study Pete cites, we also read this:


The prominent presence of IAPV in the CCD-colonies that we found could be due to re-activation of a dormant infection by a yet unknown trigger that might enable qualitative change and/or quantitative amplification of IAPV. In this context, it was shown that Varroa destructor infestation and neonicotinoid application promoted replication of DWV [17<http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/5/2012/htm#B17-viruses-06-02012>,19<http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/5/2012/htm#B19-viruses-06-02012>,20<http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/5/2012/htm#B20-viruses-06-02012>].



17.   Yang, X.; Cox-Foster, D.L. Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate: Evidence for host immunosuppression and viral amplification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2005, 102, 7470-7475, doi:10.1073/pnas.0501860102<http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501860102>.

19.   Di Prisco, G.; Cavaliere, V.; Annoscia, D.; Varricchio, P.; Caprio, E; Nazzi, F.; Gargiulo, G.; Pennacchio, F. Neonicotinoid clothianidin adversely affects insect immunity and promotes replication of a viral pathogen in honey bees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 18466-18471, doi:10.1073/pnas.1314923110<http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314923110>.

20.  Nazzi, F.; Brown, S.P.; Annoscia, D.; Del Piccolo, F.; Di Prisco, G.; Varricchio, P.; Della Vedova, G.; Cattonaro, F.; Caprio, E.; Pennacchio, F. Synergistic Parasite-Pathogen Interactions Mediated by Host Immunity Can Drive the Collapse of Honeybee Colonies. PLoS Pathog. 2012, 8, e1002735, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002735<http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002735>.?



Christina

             ***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software.  For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html