> might actually be accurate that nosema 
> ceranae actually entered the U.S. in 1989 
> with AHB which originated in areas of 
> now known Nosema ceranae.

I don't think anyone ever saw more prevalent nosema ceranae or earlier
evidence thereof in areas where AHB had become established.  And I don't
think that AHB would be a vector for spreading Nosema ceranae faster,
further, or better than they would spread themselves and their own genetic
traits.

But I've never gotten a satisfactory answer as to how, for years, Beltsville
and other labs found only Nosema apis, and then when Nosema ceranae was
cited as a possible contributing factor in "CCD", suddenly everyone started
finding an overwhelming percentage of Nosema ceranae, to the point where
Nosema apis seemed to become a rarity.

Did the lab tests change or improve?  Why is it that reference samples of
bees from prior years, when tested after 2006, showed that Nosema ceranae
had be present, perhaps somewhat common, but remained undetected?

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