i had saved the following information some time ago, the original document has gone missing where I read it. I found this part of the reaserch interesting.

The proventriculus filters the nectar and removes debris such as pollen 
grains and the fungal spores that cause foul brood. A valve at the bottom 
of the proventriculus prevents the filtered nectar from entering the bee’s 
digestive system, but allows the debris removed from the nectar to pass 
into the bee’s alimentary canal and into the intestines where it is first 
stored then later voided from the rectum. 

Testing the speed and efficiency in which an introduced contaminate passes 
thru the digestive system might be the best method for determining which 
lines have a well developed proventriculus. 

THE R-VALUES OF HONEY: POLLEN Coefficients
source. 

mike syracuse ny

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