> Use of fumagillin may increase the prevalence of N. ceranae and is potentially a factor in replacement of N. apis by N. ceranae in US apiaries.

Fumagillin treatment is known to reduce microsporidian
reproduction and is probably useful for protecting weak
colonies [2], but the antibiotic may have unintended effects on the
honey bee host, ultimately contributing to increased prevalence
and pathogenicity of N. ceranae. In addition, the time period of N. ceranae
hyperproliferation may reverse the benefits gained at the
beginning of fumagillin treatment, resulting in indistinguishable
performance between fumagillin treated and untreated hives.

Huang W-F, Solter LF, Yau PM, Imai BS (2013) Nosema ceranae Escapes Fumagillin Control in Honey Bees. PLoS Pathog 9(3): e1003185.

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