This tissue degeneration and prevention of gut
>> epithelium renewal may explain early bee death.

The same was true of nosema apis. Nosema research has been around for ages 
saying forager bees *can* die *up to* two weeks premature a normal life 
span.

The main reason huge amounts of fumigillin was purchased by commercial 
beekeepers. The opinion has been largely divided as costs for fumigillin 
went up.

Commercial beekeepers wintering in the south felt fumigillin was a expense 
they could do without.
many wintering in the north used spring and fall.

Nosema ceranae has brought new concerns. Mostly due to concerns over of 
nosema ceranae effect on bees with other issues ( virus from poor varroa 
control, nutrition and of course pesticide & fungicide exposer).

Most commercial beekeepers now are concerned with nosema ceranae spore 
levels.

bob

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