>Or did the chemical companies make more substantial
>contributions than the university people in providing
>the beekeeping industry with tools to help maintain bee
>heath (e.g. antibiotics, miticides, etc.).?

The chems you mention are like prescription maintenance drugs.  They don't cure the patient and you are often stuck with their cost and side effects for the rest of your life.  They may be useful under certain circumstances but are really just a short term band aid.

My opinion is that of a small beekeeper.  Large beekeepers who make a living from bees will resort to chems out of desparation and I can't blame them.  These people are helped by chems at least short term.

Researchers who have worked on resistant/tolerant genetics will hopefully have a longer term impact.  Minnesota Hygienic bees and the Russian bee projects come to mind as a couple of examples.

Waldemar

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