Jeanette: my favorite article re fentanyl is: Maternal & umbilical cord concentration of fentanyl after epidural analgesia for cesarean section....eur j. obstet gynecol reprod biol 42:89-94 1991 Desprats R, Dumas J-C Girous M Campisstron F et al.... pay careful attention to the time from administration of fentanyl to delivery... patricia