Climate change poses a major threat to pollination services (Hegland et al., 2009; Schweiger et al., 2010). Increased temperatures are believed to be the most significant impact of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions (Kjøhl et al., 2011). In response to climate change, species may adapt to new environments, migrate to more suitable areas, or face extinction. Protecting pollinators and their habitats through conservation efforts and sustainable land-use practices, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, are essential to maintain the delicate balance between plants and their pollinators.

Honeybees can be impacted by climate change in various ways. These impacts can be direct, affecting their behavior and physiology, or indirect, such as changes in the floral environment that affect their colony’s development and harvesting capacity (Le Conte and Navajas, 2008). Extreme temperatures can cause behavioral responses in bees that negatively affect pollination services. Moreover, increasing temperatures may affect the pollen removal and deposition efficiency of pollinators, putting them at risk of overheating (Reddy et al., 2012).

Honeybees face numerous threats from pathogens, parasites, and pests. Climate change can exacerbate the spread and virulence of these diseases and parasites. Pathogens often have different haplotypes that vary in their virulence, and climate change can facilitate the transfer of these haplotypes between honeybee populations (Le Conte and Navajas, 2008). Additionally, climate change may expose different species and races of honeybees with the new pathogens that they have not coevolved with. For example, the interaction between Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera is one such case (Solignac et al., 2005).

DOI: 10.1201/9781003382089

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