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Date: | Wed, 13 Feb 2002 17:55:06 EST |
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From a LLL conference presentation I gave a few years ago on;
"Nipple Variations: Non-Protractile, Flat/Inverted/Dimpled/Retracting"
A tad from the part on the normal nipple/areolar anatomy:
<<Schwager’s [1974] findings suggest that protrusion of the normal nipple is
supported by sufficient bulk of dense connective tissue directly beneath the
nipple. This thickness of dense connective tissue beneath the normal nipple
keeps the nipple everted.The mammary papilla is a small cylindrical body that
projects from the breast, slightly below center at approximately the fourth
intercocstal space[Riordan 1993].“The nipple is composed of fibromuscular
tissue and becomes erect with stimulation” [Neifert1986]. The smooth
musculature of the areola and nipple contract to decrease the surface area of
the areola and cause the nipple to become smaller, firm and
erect[Lawrence1989].This firmer consistency of tissue eases the baby’s
grasp[Lauwers 1989]. . The “nipple consist of collagen fibers containing the
terminals of 15-20 main lactiferous ducts opening out through the circular
surface of the tip of the nipple”.[Crestinu 1989]. The milk ducts in the
nipple are embedded in stretchable and mobile connective tissue[Lawrence
1989] Highly elastic, elongating to approx. twice its resting length during
active feeding. Compressible, nipple height is reduced by half between the
tongue and palate during breastfeeding[Smith 1988]. Schwager’s [1974]
findings suggest that protrusion of the normal nipple is supported by
sufficient bulk of dense connective tissue directly beneath the nipple. This
thickness of dense connective tissue beneath the normal nipple keeps the
nipple everted. The average diameter of the areola is approx. 6.4cm, with a
range of 4-12cm. size of the areola has little if any impact on
breastfeeding[Stark1994]. The average diameter of the nipple is 1.6cm with a
range of 0.8-2cm. The average length of the nipple is 0.7cm, with a range of
0.4-1.3cm. The erectile nipple has a dense, papillar appearance with crevices
uniquely different for each nipple[Ziemer 1993].>>
From "Maternal-Newborn Nursing Theory and Practice" 1997 By Nichols and
Zwelling, chap 9 by Mary Bruckner, CNM DNSc, pg192 "the nipple is composed of
erectile tissue".
So the controversy, or terminology variation, continues.
Guess we'll need to take a vote, or flip a coin.
Debbie Tobin
RN BSN IBCLC LCCE
ILCA Region 3 rep
LCAGW Secretary
Springfield, Virginia USA
In the Fairfax County suburbs outside the Washington DC beltway
[log in to unmask]
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